A practical reference on REV-ERB agonist: what it is, how it behaves, what the literature reports, and where the honest uncertainties sit.
Reviewed 2026-03-25. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
Regulatory and sporting contexts treat SR9009 as a prohibited substance in many elite competitions. Its presence on banned lists reflects concerns about performance enhancement and unknown long-term safety. Analytical chemists have developed methods to detect the parent compound and its metabolites in urine and blood. Literature discussions distinguish between in vitro potency, animal pharmacology, and anecdotal human reports. The latter are difficult to verify because products sold online may lack purity or contain different compounds.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory gene expression. In cell and animal experiments, SR9009 alters transcription of clock-controlled genes and metabolic pathways. The compound is not a hormone and does not resemble classical steroid structures. Its activity depends on binding to the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB, where it can modify corepressor recruitment.
In rodent studies, SR9009 has been reported to increase mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle and improve exercise endurance under some conditions. These findings led to popular descriptions such as an exercise mimetic, although that term oversimplifies the biology. Effects vary by dose, timing, tissue, and model. The compound's influence on circadian pathways means that time of administration can matter in experiments. Whether similar metabolic changes occur in humans remains largely unexplored in controlled published trials.
Pharmacokinetic data for SR9009 are limited in published literature. Some reports indicate low oral bioavailability and rapid clearance in animals, which complicates interpretation of exposure and effect. Researchers often use injected routes in preclinical work to achieve measurable systemic levels. Analytical studies rely on mass spectrometry to detect the parent compound and its metabolites. Questions about tissue distribution, active metabolites, and long-term consequences remain open. Species differences in metabolism can affect observed half-life and target engagement.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In laboratory experiments, SR9009 binds these receptors and alters transcription of genes involved in lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial function. It is not a naturally occurring compound and has no approved therapeutic use. Research interest stems from its ability to modify energy metabolism in cells and animal models.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | Synthetic REV-ERB agonist | Binds REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ in preclinical models |
| Molecular formula | C20H24ClN3O4S | Reported for the parent compound |
| CAS Registry Number | 1379686-30-2 | Common identifier in chemical databases |
| Appearance | Off-white to pale yellow solid | Typical research chemical solid |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol; low in water | Class: small organic molecule |
Laboratory studies often administer SR9009 by injection because oral absorption appears poor in rodents. Reported pharmacokinetic properties include rapid metabolism and low systemic exposure after oral dosing. Human pharmacokinetic data are sparse, so absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in people are not well defined. Some research explores related REV-ERB compounds with improved drug-like properties. Regulatory approval for any REV-ERB agonist as a human medicine has not been granted to date.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, also called NR1D1 and NR1D2. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene programs. The compound was developed for laboratory research, not as an approved therapeutic. Its identity is distinct from steroid hormones and selective androgen receptor modulators. Scientific interest centers on how REV-ERB activation changes gene expression in cells and animal models.
SR9009 is frequently discussed in fitness and research-chemical contexts, yet it has no approved medical indication. Regulatory agencies have not authorized it for human use, and it is not a standard prescription drug. Some sports organizations list it as a prohibited substance because of its potential performance-enhancing properties. Published human data are sparse, so claims about its effects in people often rely on animal models or anecdotal reports. Quality and identity of online materials can vary widely.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as a REV-ERB agonist. REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ are nuclear receptors that help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. The compound was identified in academic screening efforts to find synthetic ligands for these receptors. In cell and animal studies, SR9009 alters transcription of genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism, and it can shift circadian behavior. It is not an approved therapeutic agent.
Research interest in SR9009 grew from studies showing improved running endurance in mice after short treatment periods. Those experiments linked the compound to increased mitochondrial content and fatty acid oxidation in muscle, but the findings come from animal models and specific dosing schedules. Independent replication has been limited, and the pathways connecting REV-ERB activation to exercise performance are still being mapped. Whether similar responses occur in humans is an open question.
SR9009 is often grouped with compounds studied for circadian and metabolic regulation rather than with classical anabolic steroids. Its interactions with nuclear receptors differ from those of androgen receptor ligands, and its proposed mechanisms involve transcriptional control rather than direct hormone signaling. Some sources classify it as a metabolic modulator because of observed effects on energy utilization. The distinction matters for regulation and for interpreting research results across different compound classes.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule developed as a REV-ERB agonist. It binds to REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, nuclear receptors that help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In cell and animal studies, the compound alters lipid and glucose handling and influences skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. Its exact effects in humans remain largely uncharacterized because controlled clinical trials have not been reported. The molecule is frequently described in preclinical literature as a metabolic modulator.
=== Etymology === Phenyl is derived from French phényle, which in turn derived from Greek φαίνω (phaino) 'shining', as the first phenyl compounds named were byproducts of making and refining various gases used for lighting. According to McMurry, "The word is derived from Greek pheno 'I bear light', commemorating the discovery of benzene by Michael Faraday in 1825 from the oily residue left by the illuminating gas used in London street lamps."
President Lula has taken a neutral instance on the war in Ukraine while highlighting the human cost of the war, as well as its impact on food security, cost of living and global supply chains, among others, as he has stated the importance of a peace process led by non-directly or indirectly involved nations such as India, Indonesia and China. In January 2023, Lula stated that he was "against the occupation Russia has done in Ukraine" for which he was praised by the Ukrainian World Congress During his trip to the US in February 2023, Lula and US president Joe Biden jointly criticized Russia for its invasion of Ukraine. On 24 February 2023, Brazil voted to condemn Russia over its invasion of Ukraine at the UNGA. In April 2023, Lula commenting on peace negotiations said "Putin must not take the Ukrainian territory. Crimea might not be on the table, but when it comes to what he [Putin] invaded again, he must reconsider it", with some media outlets mistranslating his statements as urging Ukraine to give up Crimea to Russia. Lula has also insisted in seeking peace, which is a binding foreign policy principle under the current pacifist Constitution , as he turned down Brazilian military weaponry sales proposed by Germany and France to be sent to Ukraine. In April 2023, Lula stated after a state visit to China that "the United States needs to stop encouraging war and start talking about peace". U.S.
== Management == As of 2019, no disease-modifying pharmaceuticals are known. Both strength and aerobic exercise have shown to be beneficial, although strenuous and excessive exercise should be avoided. Physical therapy can address contractures. Orthopedic surgery address foot deformities, scoliosis, Achilles tendon contractures, and winged scapula. Winged scapula can be addressed with either scapulopexy or scapulothoracic fusion. Circumstances to avoid include extremes of body weight, bone fractures, and prolonged immobility.
With ring-opening polymerization, automated synthesis has been used for rapid screening and optimization, including with catalyst + initiator systems and their polymerization conditions. For example, Hoogenboom et al. determined the optimal temperature for the polymerization of 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline in dimethylacetamide (DMAc), allowing for individual heating of the parallel reactors, which shortened the time needed for preparation and analysis. To aid with the catalyst research for polyolefins, Symyx Technologies Inc. used automated synthesis to create a library of palladium and nickel catalysts, which were screened for ethylene polymerization. This process found that the largest polyethylene polymers were created by the complexes with the highest steric hindrance for the ortho-positions of the aryl rings, while electronic factors did not influence yield or molecular weight. In addition, Tuchbreiter and Mülhaupt used automated synthesis to demonstrate the improvements of minireactors for the polymerization of olefins, with quality improving as compared to utilizing simple arrays.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Stolle methodology === The Stolle procedure is considered the best alternative to Sandmeyer methodology for the synthesis of both substituted and unsubstituted isatins. In this case primary or secondary arylamines are condensed with oxalyl chloride to form a chlorooxalylanilide intermediate which can then cyclize in the presence of a Lewis acid (e.g. aluminium trichloride, titanium tetrachloride, boron trifluoride, etc.).
There is evidence suggesting corneal collagen cross-linking may be beneficial for patients with pellucid marginal degeneration. Research shows some promising results by combining collagen cross linking with photorefractive keratectomy, or with topography-guided transepithelial surface ablation.
== Early life and education == Abdel Fattah al-Burhan was born in 1960 in the village of Gandatu in northern Sudan, to a Ja'ali family. Al-Burhan studied elementary and intermediate level in his village school, and later moved to Shendi to complete his education before joining the Sudanese Military College.
To maintain effectiveness, platelet-mimicking particles have to be engineered to remain stable in the bloodstream long enough to reach tumor sites without being rapidly cleared. Simultaneously, they must also be designed to degrade safely after successful drug delivery to tumor sites to avoid triggering adverse immune reactions. Regulatory issues and mass production also become problematic because safety and efficacy evaluation of the synthetic platelet requires extensive preclinical and clinical testing. Overcoming these deficiencies will advance their integration into standard oncological treatments.
== Interactions == Blood plasma concentrations may be increased when combined with CYP3A4 inhibitors (e.g. ketoconazole, clarithromycin, ritonavir, and voriconazole) possibly leading to more side effects. This has been clinically verified for ketoconazole, which increases lurasidone exposure by a factor of 9, and is also expected for other 3A4 inhibitors such as grapefruit juice. Co-administration of CYP3A4 inducers like rifampicin, carbamazepine or St. John's wort can reduce plasma levels of lurasidone and its active metabolite, and consequently decrease the effects of the drug. For rifampicin, the reduction was sixfold in a study.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== 29 May === Russia launched its 15th air attack of the month and its second consecutive attack in Kyiv in the early morning hours. Damage was reported in the Podilskyi District, with a "one-storey private residence" being struck by falling debris. Debris was reported to have struck buildings in the Sviatoshyn and Holosiivskyi districts as well. The attack involved drones and cruise missiles. The Kyiv City Military Administration claimed to have shot down forty targets. Shortly afterwards during daytime, Russia launched its 16th attack on Kyiv for the month. The Ukrainian military said it had shot down 37 cruise missiles and 29 drones, along with 11 Iskander missiles. One person was injured. Ukrainian Air Force spokesman Yuriy Ihnat said that ballistic missiles, including either S-300 or S-400 missiles were used. An air base in Khmelnytskyi was also struck. Five aircraft were reported to have been disabled while the runway was reported to have been damaged. Russian artillery and helicopters also launched attacks on settlements in Sumy Oblast throughout the day. The Russian defence ministry later said it struck air bases during those attacks. In Donetsk Oblast, two civilians were killed by Russian shelling in Toretsk, while eight others were injured. Another person was killed by Russian shelling in Kozatske, Kherson Oblast. One person was killed and nine others injured by shelling in Synelnykove Raion in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, while seven people were injured by shelling in Kupiansk Raion, in Kharkiv Oblast.
A Clinical Data Repository (CDR) or Clinical Data Warehouse (CDW) is a real time database that consolidates data from a variety of clinical sources to present a unified view of a single patient. It is optimized to allow clinicians to retrieve data for a single patient rather than to identify a population of patients with common characteristics or to facilitate the management of a specific clinical department. Typical data types which are often found within a CDR include: clinical laboratory test results, patient demographics, pharmacy information, radiology reports and images, pathology reports, hospital admission, discharge and transfer dates, ICD-9 codes, discharge summaries, and progress notes. A Clinical Data Repository could be used in the hospital setting to track prescribing trends as well as for the monitoring of infectious diseases. One area CDR's could potentially be used is monitoring the prescribing of antibiotics in hospitals especially as the number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is ever increasing. In 1995, a study at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center conducted by the Harvard Medical School used a CDR to monitor vancomycin use and prescribing trends since vancomycin-resistant enterococci is a growing problem. They used the CDR to track the prescribing by linking the individual patient, medication, and the microbiology lab results which were all contained within the CDR.
== Early life and education == Balalaie was born on 26 September 1965 in Rasht, Gilan Province, Iran. He completed his undergraduate studies in Chemistry at the University of Tehran (1984–1989), followed by a Master of Science degree in Organic Chemistry from Shahid Beheshti University (1989–1991). He earned his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from Sharif University of Technology (1992–1996), where he worked on "Photooxygenation of organic compounds by singlet oxygen" under the supervision of Professor Mohammad Mahmoudi Hashemi. During his doctoral studies, he spent six months as a visiting researcher in Germany working with Professor Junes Ipaktschi.
== Etymology == The following terms are similar in both spelling and meaning, and can be easily confused: arteriosclerosis, arteriolosclerosis, and atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis is a general term describing any hardening (and loss of elasticity) of medium or large arteries (from Greek ἀρτηρία (artēria) 'artery' and σκλήρωσις (sklerosis) 'hardening'); arteriolosclerosis is any hardening (and loss of elasticity) of arterioles (small arteries); atherosclerosis is a hardening of an artery specifically due to an atheromatous plaque (from Ancient Greek ἀθήρα (athḗra) 'gruel'). The term atherogenic refers to substances or processes that cause the formation of atheroma.
He was, however, unable to explain the reason why, and his assertion had no impact on the prevailing opinion of the influential physicians of the age, that scurvy was a digestive complaint. Besides afflicting ocean travelers, until the late Middle Ages scurvy was common in Europe in late winter, when few green vegetables, fruits, and root vegetables were available. This gradually improved with the introduction of potatoes from the Americas; by 1800, scurvy was virtually unheard of in Scotland, where it had previously been endemic.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not an approved medicine, and its effects in humans are not well characterized.
No. It is a synthetic ligand that binds nuclear receptors, not a steroid or peptide hormone. Its activity depends on receptor binding rather than endocrine secretion.
Clinical evidence is limited. Most published data come from cell and animal experiments. Human safety and efficacy remain uncertain.
It is a synthetic research compound that activates REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not an approved drug or dietary supplement. Most information comes from cell and animal studies.