Everything below concerns anti-doping. We keep the language plain, cite what the science says, and separate well-supported claims from open questions.
Last reviewed on 2025-12-23. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
Identity and purity of SR9009 samples are usually checked with chromatographic and spectrometric methods. High-performance liquid chromatography can separate the compound from related impurities, while mass spectrometry provides molecular mass confirmation. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy may be used for structural verification in research settings. No single method proves biological activity, and certificates of analysis should be reviewed alongside raw data. Independent testing is often needed because online products vary widely.
SR9009 stability depends on temperature, moisture, light, and solvent. Solid material is generally kept cool and dry, while solutions may require protection from repeated warming and cooling. Degradation can appear as color changes, precipitate, or new chromatographic peaks. Researchers should follow supplier instructions and their own stability data. Long-term storage conditions for human use have not been established because the compound lacks approved clinical formulation.
Several misconceptions surround SR9009. It is often described as a SARM, a steroid, or an exercise pill, but its known target is the REV-ERB receptor family. Rodent studies have examined exercise capacity and metabolic markers, yet human outcomes remain unproven. Oral bioavailability appears low in animals, and human pharmacokinetics are not well characterized. Online products may contain impurities or different compounds, so identity and purity testing are important for research use.
Analytical chemists detect SR9009 with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, commonly abbreviated LC-MS/MS. Sample preparation may involve protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, or solid-phase extraction before analysis. Laboratories can target the parent compound or its metabolites, depending on the matrix and the purpose of testing. Anti-doping methods require sensitive and specific assays because concentrations in biological samples can be low. Reference standards and validated methods are essential for reliable identification and quantification.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Synonyms | SR9009; Stenabolic | Stenabolic is an informal name |
| Common form | Crystalline powder | Supplied in milligram to gram quantities |
| Long-term storage | -20 °C, desiccated, protected from light | Reduces degradation |
| Detection technique | LC-MS/MS | Common in anti-doping and research analysis |
| Regulatory status | Prohibited in sport by WADA | Not approved for human therapeutic use |
Analytical identification and purity assessment often use high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection or mass spectrometry. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry is used to detect and quantify SR9009 in biological matrices, including urine and blood, for anti-doping or pharmacokinetic studies. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can confirm molecular structure. Stability depends on form and storage: the solid is generally more stable than solutions, and repeated freeze–thaw cycles may degrade samples. Purity is typically reported as a percentage from a certificate of analysis.
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 varies by country and context. It is not approved as a therapeutic drug by agencies such as the United States Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicines Agency. Sports authorities list it as a prohibited substance; the World Anti-Doping Agency classifies it among hormone and metabolic modulators. Legal status for personal possession or sale differs across jurisdictions, and some countries may restrict it under analog or research chemical laws. Buyers who seek verified material often rely on independent laboratory testing because online product labels may not match contents.
Pharmacokinetic data for SR9009 are limited in published literature. Some reports indicate low oral bioavailability and rapid clearance in animals, which complicates interpretation of exposure and effect. Researchers often use injected routes in preclinical work to achieve measurable systemic levels. Analytical studies rely on mass spectrometry to detect the parent compound and its metabolites. Questions about tissue distribution, active metabolites, and long-term consequences remain open. Species differences in metabolism can affect observed half-life and target engagement.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In laboratory experiments, SR9009 binds these receptors and alters transcription of genes involved in lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial function. It is not a naturally occurring compound and has no approved therapeutic use. Research interest stems from its ability to modify energy metabolism in cells and animal models.
REV-ERB proteins typically suppress gene expression by recruiting corepressor complexes to DNA response elements. SR9009 binds these receptors and strengthens that repressive action in cell-based assays. Studies in rodents have reported changes in lipid handling, mitochondrial function, and exercise capacity after treatment. Such findings are often cited as evidence for metabolic effects, but species differences and limited pharmacokinetic data make direct translation to humans uncertain. Researchers continue to examine which effects are robust and which depend on specific experimental conditions.
SR9009 is frequently discussed alongside other REV-ERB ligands, including synthetic agonists and natural heme-related molecules. Its selectivity for REV-ERB over related nuclear receptors has been measured in binding and reporter assays, though off-target activity at higher concentrations is possible. The compound is prohibited in sport by the World Anti-Doping Agency, and it is not approved for any medical use in major jurisdictions. Products sold online may be labeled as research chemicals, and their identity and purity are not guaranteed by regulatory review.
== Member of the National Assembly (2024-present) == In the aftermath of the 2024 general elections, Bhutto Zardari resumed his membership of the National Assembly, representing NA-194 Larkana-I. He took his oath on 29 February. In September 2024, he advised the speaker of the house to form a committee to "restore the functionality of the house," advocating for an end to political rivalries, with a greater priority on national interests. In October 2024, Bhutto Zardari expressed his support for the Twenty-sixth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan, which places limitations on the Supreme Court of Pakistan through the removal of the sua sponte prerogative, the reconstitution of the Judicial Commission of Pakistan (JCP) to sit on judicial appointments, and the formation of a separate constitutional bench in the Supreme Court. In June 2025, Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif appointed Bhutto Zardari as the head of a Pakistani delegation to tour several countries and provide Pakistan's perspective on its recent conflict with India.
Jammu and Kashmir (abbr. J&K) is a region administered by India as a union territory consisting of the southern portion of the larger Kashmir region, which has been the subject of a border dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947 and between India and China since 1959. The Line of Control separates Jammu and Kashmir from the Pakistani-administered territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan in the west and north respectively. It lies to the north of the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab and to the west of Ladakh which is administered by India as a union territory. Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir has persisted in protest over autonomy and rights. In 2019, the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act was passed, reconstituting the former state of Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories: Ladakh in the east and the residuary Jammu and Kashmir in the west. Srinagar and Jammu jointly serve as the capital of the region, which is divided into two divisions and 20 districts. Jammu and Kashmir holds substantial mineral deposits, including sapphire, borax, and graphite. Agriculture and services drive the economy, with major contributors being horticulture, handicrafts, and tourism. Apple cultivation is one of the largest industries, employing 3.5 million people and producing 10% of the gross state domestic product. Despite these activities, over 10% of the population lives below the national poverty line.
== Biosynthesis == Felinine synthesis starts in the liver through a condensation reaction of glutathione and isopentenyl pyrophosphate to form 3-methylbutanolglutathionine (3-MBG). Then, kidney epithelia tissue secretes γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GTP). γ-GTP converts 3-MBG to 3-methylbutanol-cysteinylglycine (MBCG). Next, a majority of MBCG is hydrolyzed to felinine and glycine by carboxylesterase 5A, or cauxin. Cauxin specifically works by hydrolyzing the dipeptide (felinylglycine) in MBCG to increase the concentration of urinary felinine. The leftover MBCG is converted to felinine and secreted into the cells where it is acetylated and transported to fecal material. Therefore, high concentration of felinine is present in urine while a minor concentration of N-acetylfelinine is present in cat excrement.
=== The glutamate family of amino acids === The glutamate family of amino acids includes the amino acids that derive from the amino acid glutamate. This family includes: glutamate, glutamine, proline, and arginine. This family also includes the amino acid lysine, which is derived from α-ketoglutarate. The biosynthesis of glutamate and glutamine is a key step in the nitrogen assimilation discussed above. The enzymes GOGAT and GDH catalyze the nitrogen assimilation reactions. In bacteria, the enzyme glutamate 5-kinase initiates the biosynthesis of proline by transferring a phosphate group from ATP onto glutamate. The next reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS), which catalyzes the reduction of the ϒ-carboxyl group of L-glutamate 5-phosphate. This results in the formation of glutamate semialdehyde, which spontaneously cyclizes to pyrroline-5-carboxylate. Pyrroline-5-carboxylate is further reduced by the enzyme pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR) to yield a proline amino acid. In the first step of arginine biosynthesis in bacteria, glutamate is acetylated by transferring the acetyl group from acetyl-CoA at the N-α position; this prevents spontaneous cyclization. The enzyme N-acetylglutamate synthase (glutamate N-acetyltransferase) is responsible for catalyzing the acetylation step. Subsequent steps are catalyzed by the enzymes N-acetylglutamate kinase, N-acetyl-gamma-glutamyl-phosphate reductase, and acetylornithine/succinyldiamino pimelate aminotransferase and yield the N-acetyl-L-ornithine.
== Further reading == Brooks, Maurice (1965). The Appalachians: The Naturalist's America; illustrated by Lois Darling and Lo Brooks. Boston; Houghton Mifflin Company. Caudill, Harry M. (1963). Night Comes to the Cumberlands. ISBN 0-316-13212-8. Constantz, George (2004). Hollows, Peepers, and Highlanders: an Appalachian Mountain Ecology (2nd edition). West Virginia University Press; Morgantown. 359 p. Olson, Ted (1998). Blue Ridge Folklife. University Press of Mississippi, 211 pages, ISBN 1-57806-023-0. Rehder, John (2013). "Appalachian Folkways", Koxville: University of Tennessee Press. Semple, E. C. (1903). Chapters III, IV, and V. American History and Its Geographic Conditions. Boston. Weidensaul, Scott (2000). Mountains of the Heart: A Natural History of the Appalachians. Fulcrum Publishing, 288 pages, ISBN 1-55591-139-0. Bailey Willis, The Northern Appalachians, and C. W. Hayes, The Southern Appalachians, both in The Physiography of the United States. Appalachian flora and fauna-related journals Banisteria, a journal devoted to the natural history of Virginia. Castanea, the journal of the Southern Appalachian Botanical Society. The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Internet == Freedom House's Freedom on the Net2018 gave Thailand a score of 65 (0=best, 100=worst) for internet freedom. Not one of the eight ASEAN nations listed in the report achieved a "free" rating. Best was the Philippines; worst was Vietnam. Freedom House: In 2015 awarded Thailand an overall score of 63 ("not free") (0=best, 100=worst) for Internet freedom in the calendar year 2014, ranking 50 of 65 countries. In 2013 Thailand was rated as "partly free". International Telecommunication Union (ITU): In their 2012 report, ranked Thailand 92 of 155 countries for telecommunications infrastructure. Ookla Speedtest: The company known for its popular Internet utility, Speedtest, ranked all nations for rolling mean download speed in Mbps (megabit per second) in May 2015. Rankings are based on throughput over the previous 30 days to servers not more than 480 km from the client computer. Thailand ranked 52nd of 200 nations (20 Mbit/s). Other ASEAN nations ranked were Singapore (1 of 200 nations) 122 Mbit/s; Vietnam (61 of 200) 20 Mbit/s; Cambodia (110 of 200) 9 Mbit/s; Brunei (116 of 200) 8 Mbit/s; Malaysia (130 of 200) 7 Mbit/s; Laos (133 of 200) 7 Mbit/s; Indonesia (139 of 200) 7 Mbit/s; Myanmar (140 of 200) 7 Mbit/s; and the Philippines (176 of 200) 4 Mbit/s. According to Romanian internet security software firm Bitdefender, Thailand ranked fifth of 25 Asian nations in quantity of internet malware detected. India, Indonesia, China, and Vietnam were the top four cyber-security risks in Asia.
Upflow columns where input water enters from the bottom and regenerants enter from the top of the ion exchange column. Upflow regeneration where water enters from the top and regenerants enter from the bottom. In both cases, separate distribution headers (input water, input regenerant, exit water, and exit regenerant) must be tuned to: the input water quality and flow, the time of operation between regenerations, and the desired product water analysis. Counter-current deionization is the more attractive method of ion exchange. Chemicals (regenerants) flow in the opposite direction to the service flow. Less time for regeneration is required when compared to cocurrent columns. The quality of the finished product can be as low as .5 parts per million. The main advantage of counter-current deionization is the low operating cost, due to the low usage of regenerants during the regeneration process.
== Doubly substituted isotopologues == Measurement of the abundance of clumped isotopes (doubly substituted isotopologues) of gases has been used in the field of stable isotope geochemistry to trace equilibrium and kinetic processes in the environment inaccessible by analysis of singly substituted isotopologues alone. Currently measured doubly substituted isotopologues include:
== Medical uses == Fremanezumab is indicated for the preventive treatment of migraine in adults; and the preventive treatment of episodic migraine in children who are aged 6 to 17 years of age and who weigh 45 kilograms (99 lb) or more. Fremanezumab was shown to be effective in adults with four or more attacks per month.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Spontaneous === Spontaneous cases are considered to be caused by intrinsic factors that weaken the arterial wall. Only a very small proportion (1–4%) have a clear underlying connective tissue disorder, such as Ehlers–Danlos syndrome type 4 and, more rarely, Marfan syndrome. However, ultrastructural abnormalities of the dermal connective tissue components are discernible in two out of three patients with spontaneous dissection. Ehlers–Danlos syndrome type 4, caused by mutations of the COL3A gene, leads to defective production of the collagen, type III, alpha 1 protein and causes skin fragility as well as weakness of the walls of arteries and internal organs. Marfan syndrome results from mutations in the FBN1 gene, defective production of the protein fibrillin-1, and a number of physical abnormalities including aneurysm of the aortic root. There have also been reports in other genetic conditions, such as osteogenesis imperfecta type 1, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and pseudoxanthoma elasticum, α1 antitrypsin deficiency and hereditary hemochromatosis, but evidence for these associations is weaker. Genetic studies in other connective tissue-related genes have mostly yielded negative results. Other abnormalities to the blood vessels, such as fibromuscular dysplasia, have been reported in a proportion of cases. Atherosclerosis does not appear to increase the risk. There have been numerous reports of associated risk factors for vertebral artery dissection; many of these reports suffer from methodological weaknesses, such as selection bias.
At low glucose levels, the production of acetyl-CoA is linked to β-oxidation of fatty acids. Fatty acids are first converted to acyl-CoA. Acyl-CoA is then degraded in a four-step cycle of oxidation, hydration, oxidation and thiolysis catalyzed by four respective enzymes, namely acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, enoyl-CoA hydratase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and thiolase. The cycle produces a new fatty acid chain with two fewer carbons and acetyl-CoA as a byproduct. Within mitochondria, MCD similarly facilitates acetyl-CoA production by decarboxylating malonyl-CoA, thereby supporting metabolic flexibility during low-glucose states.
=== Development === On January 31, 2023, it was announced that a remake version of Matlock was in development, and Jennie Snyder Urman signed on to write a pilot episode to be aired by CBS. Urman is expected to executive produce alongside Joanna Klein, Eric Christian Olsen, and Kathy Bates. On May 9, 2023, the Matlock remake was given a series order. The series is developed by Urman. John Will and Kat Coiro were added as executive producers. Coiro also directed the pilot. Production companies involved with the series are Sutton Street, Cloud Nine, and CBS Studios. Matlock was moved to the 2024–25 season due to strike-related production delays. It was later reported that it was a 19-episode order. On October 22, 2024, CBS renewed the series for a second season. Though set in New York City, the show is filmed at Paramount Studios in California after the pilot was shot in Toronto. On January 22, 2026, CBS renewed the series for a third season.
Some fish species have humps, with their makeup varying. The nuchal hump of a humpback chub (from which the species gets its name) is made up almost entirely of skeletal muscle, and may exist to reduce the chub's vulnerability to predators. The flowerhorn cichlid is an ornamental aquarium fish which is bred for its very large nuchal hump. Some breeders may artificially increase the hump's size by injecting it with hormones or feeding the flowerhorn a hormone-rich diet. Male salmon of the Oncorhynchus genus have dorsal humps, which were once thought to consist of cartilage, but is now known to be formed by increases in connective tissues and neural spine growth. Of this genus, sockeye and pink salmon develop the biggest humps, which are mostly made of connective tissue and which decrease in lipid content with age. In contrast, the closely related masu and chum salmon have smaller humps that are mostly formed by bone tissue.
Given the importance of the Kucha region in the transmission of Buddhism into China and the evidence we have about the movement of translators such as Kumarajiva, it is reasonable to suggest that the art (and possibly the artists) of Kizil influenced the early art of the Mogao Cave complex near Dunhuang, further east along the Silk Road. The earliest of the extant Dunhuang caves (dating from the beginning of the fifth century) show distinctly "Central Asian" features in their painting, stylistically similar to what we find at Kizil. Among the subjects depicted at Kizil and Mogao in strikingly similar fashion is that of the "Cosmological Buddha", whose robe displays images connected with the phenomenal world.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Laboratories commonly use liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry to detect SR9009. The method can identify the compound and estimate concentration in a sample. Detection limits depend on the matrix and instrument.
Research-grade purity indicates a supplier's measured percentage of the intended compound. It does not guarantee safety, sterility, or suitability for human consumption. Buyers should request a certificate of analysis with chromatograms and test methods.
Sports regulators prohibit SR9009 because it is a non-approved substance with potential performance-altering effects. Its presence can be detected in anti-doping testing. Athletes are responsible for substances found in their samples.
Legality depends on the country and the intended use. In many places it is not approved as a medicine and may be sold only as a research chemical. Importation or possession can be restricted, and sports organizations prohibit it.