This is a working overview of SR9009, written for readers who want more than a one-paragraph summary but less than a textbook.
Reviewed 2025-09-11. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
In rodent studies, SR9009 has been reported to increase mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle and improve exercise endurance under some conditions. These findings led to popular descriptions such as an exercise mimetic, although that term oversimplifies the biology. Effects vary by dose, timing, tissue, and model. The compound's influence on circadian pathways means that time of administration can matter in experiments. Whether similar metabolic changes occur in humans remains largely unexplored in controlled published trials.
Pharmacokinetic data for SR9009 are limited in published literature. Some reports indicate low oral bioavailability and rapid clearance in animals, which complicates interpretation of exposure and effect. Researchers often use injected routes in preclinical work to achieve measurable systemic levels. Analytical studies rely on mass spectrometry to detect the parent compound and its metabolites. Questions about tissue distribution, active metabolites, and long-term consequences remain open. Species differences in metabolism can affect observed half-life and target engagement.
The mechanism of action involves binding to REV-ERB receptors and recruiting corepressor complexes, which represses target gene transcription. This contrasts with many nuclear receptor agonists that activate transcription. Downstream effects may include changes in autophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, and lipid handling, but the precise pathways remain an active area of study. Whether these molecular events translate into meaningful physiological effects in humans is unresolved. Most evidence comes from cultured cells and rodent models rather than human participants.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule developed as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα (NR1D1) and REV-ERBβ (NR1D2). These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In cell and animal studies, SR9009 alters transcription of genes involved in lipid metabolism, inflammation, and mitochondrial function. It is not an approved medicine, and its pharmacological profile in humans remains largely uncharacterized. The compound is frequently discussed in the context of circadian biology and metabolic research rather than clinical use.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | Synthetic small-molecule REV-ERB agonist | Not a hormone or natural product |
| Primary targets | REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ | Nuclear receptors involved in circadian and metabolic regulation |
| Appearance | White to off-white solid | Typical for purified research samples |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol; low water solubility | Laboratory solubility depends on solvent and purity |
| Common synonyms | SR9009; Stenabolic | Stenabolic is a colloquial name, not a formal chemical name |
Stability depends on physical form, temperature, light exposure, and solvent. Solid SR9009 is generally stored cold and dry, with protection from light to limit degradation. Dimethyl sulfoxide stocks are common for laboratory work, but repeated freeze-thaw cycles can reduce compound integrity. Aqueous solutions may be less stable than organic stocks, and the ethyl ester in the structure can be susceptible to hydrolysis under certain conditions. Researchers typically validate storage conditions and recheck purity before quantitative experiments, especially when using archived material.
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 varies by country and region. It is not approved as a pharmaceutical, and several jurisdictions restrict its sale for human consumption. Some authorities classify it as a research chemical, a prescription-only substance, or a prohibited performance-enhancing agent in sport. Purchasers may encounter certificates of analysis, but these documents do not guarantee identity, purity, or legality. In research settings, institutional safety reviews and controlled procurement help ensure that materials are handled under appropriate oversight. The absence of harmonized rules means that legal status can change and requires verification.
In laboratory settings, SR9009 is typically characterized by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) or high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV). These methods can confirm identity and estimate purity, but they require reference standards for accurate quantification. Because SR9009 is not a licensed pharmaceutical, no harmonized pharmacopeial monograph exists. Laboratories often validate in-house methods for matrices such as plasma, urine, or cell culture media. Sample preparation may involve protein precipitation or liquid-liquid extraction before analysis.
Physicochemical behavior influences handling. SR9009 is described as a solid with limited aqueous solubility, so organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide or ethanol are common in research stock solutions. Aqueous dilution can produce precipitates if the organic content is too low. Light, heat, and repeated freeze-thaw cycles may affect stability. Storage recommendations usually specify a desiccated freezer environment protected from light, but exact stability data depend on the formulation and matrix.
Laboratory samples of SR9009 are typically handled as research chemicals rather than pharmaceuticals. Suppliers usually state that the material is for research use only and not for human or veterinary administration. Storage recommendations generally call for a freezer at approximately −20 °C, protection from light, and a desiccated environment. The solid is often described as a white to off-white powder. Solubility is commonly reported in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol, with low solubility in water.
Analytical identification and purity assessment often use high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection or mass spectrometry. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry is used to detect and quantify SR9009 in biological matrices, including urine and blood, for anti-doping or pharmacokinetic studies. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can confirm molecular structure. Stability depends on form and storage: the solid is generally more stable than solutions, and repeated freeze–thaw cycles may degrade samples. Purity is typically reported as a percentage from a certificate of analysis.
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 varies by country and context. It is not approved as a therapeutic drug by agencies such as the United States Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicines Agency. Sports authorities list it as a prohibited substance; the World Anti-Doping Agency classifies it among hormone and metabolic modulators. Legal status for personal possession or sale differs across jurisdictions, and some countries may restrict it under analog or research chemical laws. Buyers who seek verified material often rely on independent laboratory testing because online product labels may not match contents.
TC/EA (or HTC, high temperature conversion; HTP, high temperature pyrolysis; HTCR, high temperature carbon reduction) is an "online" or "continuous flow" preparation method typically followed by IRMS detection. This is a "bulk" technique that measures all the hydrogen in a sample and provides the average isotope signal. The weighed sample is placed in a tin or silver capsule and dropped into a pyrolysis tube of TC/EA. The tube is made of glassy carbon with glassy carbon filling, so oxygen isotopes can be measured simultaneously without oxygen exchange with ceramic (Al2O3) surface. The molecules are then reduced into CO and H2 at high temperature (>1400°C) in the reactor. The gaseous products are separated through gas chromatography (GC) using helium as the carrier gas, followed by a split-flow interface, and finally detected by IRMS. TC/EA method can be problematic for organic compounds with halogen or nitrogen due to the competition between the pyrolysis byproducts (e.g. HCl and HCN) and H2 formation. In addition, it is susceptible to contamination with water, so samples must be scrupulously dried. An adaption of this method is to determine the non-exchangeable (C-H) and exchangeable hydrogen (bounds to other elements, e.g. O, S and N) in organic matter. The samples are equilibrated with water in sealed autosampler carousels at 115°C and then transferred into pyrolysis EA followed by IRMS measurement. TC/EA method is quick with fairly high precision (~1‰).
In 1969, the dictator Francisco Franco designated Juan Carlos de Borbón as his successor "by title of king" with the title of Prince of Spain, by virtue of the Law of Succession to the Headship of the State of 1947. After Franco's death on November 20, 1975, the Regency Council assumed interim rule. Two days later, Juan Carlos I was proclaimed king before the Francoist Cortes. He delivered a speech in which he avoided referencing Franco's triumph in the Spanish Civil War and in which, after expressing his "respect and gratitude" to Franco, he stated that he intended to reach "an effective consensus of national concord". In this way, he made it clear that he did not support the pure "immobilist continuism" advocated by the búnker ─ which defended the perpetuation of Francoism under the monarchy established by Franco, following the model established in the Organic Law of the State of 1967─ but with a message to the Army to face the future with "serene tranquility" that hinted that the reform would be made from the regime's own institutions. The most enthusiastic round of applause from the Cortes, however, was not for the new king but for Franco's family present at the ceremony. The anti-Franco opposition received the king's speech with coldness. The ratification of Carlos Arias Navarro as President of the Government caused enormous disappointment, barely mitigated by the appointment of Torcuato Fernández Miranda, former tutor to the prince, as the new President of the Cortes and of the Council of the Realm, key institutions in the framework left by the Franco dictatorship.
=== Designation process === The NIH funds cancer centers through a P30 Cancer Center Support Grant (CCSG) mechanism. To be eligible to apply, a cancer center must receive at least $10 million in cancer research funding annually. Preparation for these grant applications can be extensive. The most recent grant application prepared by MD Anderson Cancer Center took 24 months to prepare and ran to 2,963 pages. Cancer centers must renew their status with the NIH every 5 years. The NCI considers the certain characteristics essential to a cancer center, and requires that applications address the institutions' resources in the areas of: Physical Space, Organizational Capabilities, Transdisciplinary Collaboration and Coordination, Cancer Focus, Institutional Commitment, Center Director. Independent or freestanding cancer centers are entities unto themselves and are not considered to be part of a larger institution or university. The center’s administration controls all space, appointments and budgets. These institutions may have university affiliations, but they remain administratively and financially distinct. The NCI also supports Consortium Centers, wherein scientists and clinicians from multiple institutions enter into formal agreements to expand cancer research programs. Importantly, Consortium Partners are not themselves considered NCI-designated. The NCI has strict guidelines on how Consortium Partners can refer to their relationship with their parent Consortium Center.
=== Chemistry and biochemistry === Chemical synthesis, the execution of chemical reactions to form a more complex molecule from chemical precursors Organic synthesis, the chemical synthesis of organic compounds Total synthesis, the complete organic synthesis of complex organic compounds, usually without the aid of biological processes Convergent synthesis or linear synthesis, a strategy to improve the efficiency of multi-step chemical syntheses Dehydration synthesis, a chemical synthesis resulting in the loss of a water molecule Biosynthesis, the creation of an organic compound in a living organism, usually aided by enzymes Photosynthesis, a biochemical reaction using a carbon molecule to produce an organic molecule, using sunlight as a catalyst Chemosynthesis, the synthesis of biological compounds into organic waste, using methane or an oxidized molecule as a catalyst Amino acid synthesis, the synthesis of an amino acid from its constituents Peptide synthesis, the biochemical synthesis of peptides using amino acids Protein biosynthesis, the multi-step biochemical synthesis of proteins (long peptides) DNA synthesis, several biochemical processes for making DNA DNA replication, DNA biosynthesis in vivo Synthesis (cell cycle) RNA synthesis, the synthesis of RNA from nucleic acids, using another nucleic acid chain as a template ATP synthesis, the biochemical synthesis of ATP
Following China's defeat in the Second Opium War in 1858, China was forced to legalize opium and began massive domestic production. Importation of opium peaked in 1879 at 6,700 tons, and by 1906, China was producing 85 percent of the world's opium, some 35,000 tons, and 27 percent of its adult male population regularly used opium—13.5 million people consuming 39,000 tons of opium yearly. From 1880 to the beginning of the Communist era, the British attempted to discourage the use of opium in China, but this effectively promoted the use of morphine, heroin, and cocaine, further exacerbating the problem of addiction.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Process of definition === To define the IU for a substance, an international collaborative study is organized by the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization using various assay systems in several laboratories. The main goal of the study is to reach a consensus regarding methods of analysis and the approach to standardization so that results can be compared. The study is performed using highly purified preparations of the substance, typically in lyophilized form, called international reference preparations, or IRPs. Each preparation is divided into precisely weighed samples, with each sample stored in its own ampoule labeled with a code corresponding to the source IRP. Assays are performed using these samples and are calibrated against the previously available IU standard. These results can be quite variable; the final IU value for samples of a given IRP are determined by consensus. The IRP that provides the best results and shows the best long term stability is selected to define the next IU. This IRP is then referred to as the international standard. When a standard sample comes close to depleting, a new standard will have to be found. A new batch of the substance in question is produced and calibrated against the old one, so that the unit still represents the same amount of biological activity. Many substances have undergone several such standard sample changes. The third international standard of prolactin has nearly run out and in 2016 replacement was proposed.
Ser-Thr-Arg-Thr-Arg motif from one subunit and a His from the neighboring subunit both interact with the phosphate group of CP for binding. Binding the primary nitrogen of CP are residues Gln, Cys, and Arg. The carbonyl oxygen of CP is bound by residues Thr, Arg, and His.
On Stalin's instructions on 5 January 1946, Kimon Georgiev, Damyan Velchev and Anton Yugov met with opposition leaders Nikola Petkov and Kosta Lulchev, but they flatly refused to enter the government, rejecting the legitimacy of the elections and demanding an end to the Communists' terror. On 7 January Georgiev was summoned to Stalin, who sharply criticised him for his soft attitude towards the opposition. On 10 January, Soviet First Deputy Foreign Minister Andrei Vyshinsky met with Petkov and Lulchev in Sofia, but they did not change their position.
Vijayasarathy C, Rao BS (1987). "Partial purification and characterisation of S-adenosylmethionine:protein-histidine N-methyltransferase from rabbit skeletal muscle". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 923 (1): 156–65. doi:10.1016/0304-4165(87)90139-5. PMID 3801515.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Russia claimed to have taken the villages of Hatyshche, Krasne, Morokhovets, and Oliinykove in Kharkiv Oblast. In Russia, the governor of Volgograd Oblast, Andrey Bocharov, claimed that a Ukrainian drone started a fire at an oil refinery, which was put out without any casualties. In Belgorod, officials claimed that 16 people were killed and 27 others were injured when a fragment of a Tochka-U struck an apartment building, according to the Russian Defence Ministry, which also claimed to have shot down several missiles over Belgorod Oblast. Ukrainian media later reported that the HUR carried out drone strikes in Volgograd, Lipetsk and Kaluga Oblasts. One person was killed by Russian shelling in Sumy Oblast. Officials reported that Ukraine's seaborne grain exports had recovered to close to their prewar level. The Kremlin announced the appointment of economist and Deputy Prime Minister Andrey Belousov as Defence Minister, replacing Sergei Shoigu who was transferred to become secretary of the Security Council of Russia.
=== Media preparation and washing units === The washing unit provides cleaning services for laboratory glassware and plasticware. It handles laundering of work clothing and decontamination of genetically modified organism (GMO) waste and hazardous laboratory waste. The media preparation unit prepares cultivation media and solutions for tissue culture. It produces bacteriological media and agar plates.
is the compartment used for the individuals of the population who have been infected and then removed from the disease, either due to immunization or due to death. Those in this category are not able to be infected again or to transmit the infection to others. The flow of this model may be considered as follows:
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic research compound that activates REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not an approved drug or dietary supplement. Most information comes from cell and animal studies.
It binds REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ and changes transcription of metabolic genes. This can affect circadian rhythm, lipid use, and mitochondrial function. The full downstream effects are still under study.
No. Some rodent studies show increased endurance, but controlled human trials are lacking. Claims about human performance are not established by published evidence.
It is a synthetic compound that acts as an agonist at REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is used mainly as a research chemical to study circadian and metabolic pathways. It is not approved for human therapeutic use.