Everything below concerns SR9009. We keep the language plain, cite what the science says, and separate well-supported claims from open questions.
Updated 2025-10-22. Numbers and descriptions here follow the published literature rather than marketing material.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule developed as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα (NR1D1) and REV-ERBβ (NR1D2). These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In cell and animal studies, SR9009 alters transcription of genes involved in lipid metabolism, inflammation, and mitochondrial function. It is not an approved medicine, and its pharmacological profile in humans remains largely uncharacterized. The compound is frequently discussed in the context of circadian biology and metabolic research rather than clinical use.
Preclinical reports have linked SR9009 to improved endurance and altered energy expenditure in rodents. Such findings have prompted interest in whether REV-ERB activation can influence skeletal muscle metabolism. However, the reported effects depend on dose, route, and experimental model, and replication across laboratories is limited. Human trials have not established comparable outcomes, so claims about exercise performance remain speculative. The absence of controlled human data is a central limitation in interpreting these observations.
SR9009 is not approved as a medicine by major regulatory agencies. It is commonly sold as a research chemical, a category that may fall outside customary drug approval and quality rules. In sports, the World Anti-Doping Agency lists SR9009 as a prohibited substance. Athletes who use it can face sanctions if it is detected in a sample. Legal status varies by country, and importation may be restricted. Enforcement practices differ across borders.
Detection of SR9009 in biological samples usually employs liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. This method can identify the parent compound and sometimes metabolites in urine or blood. Because exposure can be low and clearance may be rapid, sample timing and limits of detection matter. Laboratories validate assays for sensitivity and specificity. Results are interpreted alongside chain-of-custody and quality-control records. Urine is the common matrix for anti-doping analysis, while blood may be used in research settings.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | Synthetic REV-ERB agonist | Small molecule; not a steroid or peptide. |
| Primary targets | NR1D1 and NR1D2 | Also known as REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. |
| Studied routes | Intraperitoneal in rodents | Oral bioavailability in humans is not established. |
| Human approval | No approved therapeutic indication | No recognized clinical use. |
| Key uncertainty | Human physiological effects | Preclinical findings may not translate. |
Laboratory samples of SR9009 are typically handled as research chemicals rather than pharmaceuticals. Suppliers usually state that the material is for research use only and not for human or veterinary administration. Storage recommendations generally call for a freezer at approximately −20 °C, protection from light, and a desiccated environment. The solid is often described as a white to off-white powder. Solubility is commonly reported in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol, with low solubility in water.
Analytical identification and purity assessment often use high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection or mass spectrometry. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry is used to detect and quantify SR9009 in biological matrices, including urine and blood, for anti-doping or pharmacokinetic studies. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can confirm molecular structure. Stability depends on form and storage: the solid is generally more stable than solutions, and repeated freeze–thaw cycles may degrade samples. Purity is typically reported as a percentage from a certificate of analysis.
At the molecular level, SR9009 binds the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB and strengthens recruitment of corepressor proteins such as NCoR and HDAC3. This increases repression of target genes, including Bmal1 and other clock-controlled and metabolic genes. In rodent studies, such changes have been linked to altered lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and energy expenditure. The precise chain of events between receptor binding and whole-body effects remains an active area of research. Findings in animals do not automatically translate to humans.
Laboratory studies often administer SR9009 by injection because oral absorption appears poor in rodents. Reported pharmacokinetic properties include rapid metabolism and low systemic exposure after oral dosing. Human pharmacokinetic data are sparse, so absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in people are not well defined. Some research explores related REV-ERB compounds with improved drug-like properties. Regulatory approval for any REV-ERB agonist as a human medicine has not been granted to date.
Diabetes burden and access to care vary widely between and within countries. Between 1990 and 2022, diabetes prevalence rose faster in low and middle income countries than in high-income countries. In 2022, more than half of adults aged 30 and over with diabetes were not taking medication for it, and treatment coverage was lowest in low and middle income countries. A pooled analysis of 1,108 population-based studies estimated that in most countries, especially low and middle income ones, treatment had not increased enough to keep pace with rising prevalence, and that the gap in treatment coverage between the countries widened from 56 percentage points in women and 43 in men in 1990 to 78 and 71 respectively in 2022. WHO reported in 2021 that essential diabetes medicines were available in only about half of facilities in low and lower middle income countries, compared to about 80% of facilities globally. The International Diabetes Federation estimated that 252 million adults aged 20–79 were unaware they had diabetes in 2024. Risk also differs between ethnic groups. South Asian people tend to develop type 2 diabetes earlier in life and often at a normal body mass index. In a study of British Pakistani and British Bangladeshi participants, those with a high genetic risk of both insulin deficiency and unfavourable fat distribution were diagnosed about 8 years earlier, at a BMI about 3 kg/m² lower, than those at low genetic risk. Disparities are also documented for Indigenous peoples.
(WINNER) The contestant won the whole competition. (WIN) The contestant won "The Killer" (Main Heat challenge). (HIGH) The contestant had one of the best dishes for that week. (IN) The contestant performed well enough to move on to the next week. (LOW) The contestant had one of the bottom dishes for that week, but was not eliminated. (WDR) The contestant withdrew from the competition. (OUT) The contestant was eliminated for worst dish. ‡The contestant won "The Thriller" (Preheat challenge)
=== Long term === If a person with type 1 diabetes who has diabulimia has the disease for more than a short time—usually due to alternating phases during which insulin is injected properly and relapses during which they have diabulimia—then the following longer-term symptoms can be expected:
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Prognosis == Overall prognosis is dependent on the extent of cardiac dysfunction. Worse outcomes have been seen when echocardiography shows left ventricular wall thickness, poor systolic function and severe diastolic dysfunction. Light chain (AL-CM) Prognosis: For light-chain amyloidosis early detection leads to best possibility of therapies prolonging the period of remission. Well treated light chain cardiac amyloidosis has a 4-year survival rate of around 90%. In patients that undergo stem cell transplant the average survival time increases to 10 years. Staging systems have been developed to stratify severity of the disease, including the Mayo Biomarker Stage, which utilizes various biomarkers such as troponin I, troponin T, BNP, and NT-proBNP, and Free light chain concentrations. Familial (ATTRm-CM) Prognosis: Due to the extensive number of variables involved in this subtype, prognosis varies depending on the specific type of familial cardiac amyloidosis. Variables involve mutant vs wild type transthyretin mutation and age of onset of symptoms. In comparison to light chain amyloidosis, the familial subtype is slower to progress and has a more favorable prognosis. However, the Val 122lle mutation (most common cause of familial cardiac amyloidosis) has a 4-year survival rate of 16% with an average length of 26 months and is associated with a worse prognosis than wild type ATTR. A delay in recognition plays a major factor in this reduced survival rate.
=== Pharmacodynamics === Dimethocaine and structurally related local anesthetics such as cocaine and procaine inhibit the uptake of dopamine (DA) by blocking dopamine transporters (DAT). The dopamine transporter controls the dynamics of the neurotransmitter dopamine. This neurotransmitter controls many functions including movement, cognition and mood. Drugs such as cocaine and dimethocaine induce dopamine overflow by inhibiting dopamine transporters and thus creating a euphoric effect. In addition to inhibiting dopamine uptake, dimethocaine was also shown to inhibit the binding of CFT, a different dopamine uptake inhibitor. These inhibitory properties are responsible for the stimulatory effects of dimethocaine on the central nervous system. Both in vivo and in vitro measurements of dopamine transporter activity showed that dimethocaine is a potent and efficacious dopaminergic reuptake inhibitor (also called a dopamine indirect agonist). These effects were mainly observed in the nucleus accumbens, a region in the basal forebrain. Comparison of the pharmacological potencies of different local anesthetics revealed the following potency order: cocaine > dimethocaine > tetracaine > procaine > chloroprocaine Furthermore, the administration of dimethocaine has been shown to lead to antinociceptive responses at nontoxic doses in mice. These responses are suggested to be at least partially caused by the effects of dimethocaine on the central nervous system.
21 May The WHO informs about the international 2022 monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries – an unprecedented number of cases detected outside of Africa after the first of these cases was detected on 6 May. On 24 May, the WHO states that the outbreak can be contained. The main method used for the early containment is 'ring vaccination' – vaccinating close contacts of positive cases via existing vaccines. 23 May Researchers report that CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing has been used to boost vitamin D in tomatoes. A study shows why decarbonization must be accompanied by strategies to reduce the levels of short-lived climate pollutants with near-term effects for climate goals. 24 May Scientists report the first 3D-printed lab-grown wood. It is unclear if it could ever be used on a commercial scale (e.g. with sufficient production efficiency and quality). A CDC study based on electronic health records shows that "one in five COVID-19 survivors aged 18–64 years and one in four survivors aged ≥65 years experienced at least one incident condition that might be attributable to previous COVID-19" or long COVID. On 18 May, an analysis of private healthcare claims shows that of 78,252 patients diagnosed with 'long COVID', 75.8% had not been hospitalized for COVID-19. 25 May – The world's smallest remote-controlled walking robot, measuring just half a millimetre wide, is demonstrated. Potential applications include the clearing of blocked arteries.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Tylosin is a macrolide antibiotic and bacteriostatic feed additive used in veterinary medicine. It has a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive organisms and a limited range of Gram-negative organisms. It is found naturally as a fermentation product of Streptomyces fradiae. Tylosin is used in veterinary medicine to treat bacterial infections in a wide range of species and has a high margin of safety. It has also been used as a growth promotant in some species, and as a treatment for colitis in companion animals.
Berry steps down from the post in order to run as Green candidate in Brighton Pavilion, where current MP Caroline Lucas is standing down at the next election. 8 May – John Swinney is sworn in as Scotland's seventh first minister at a ceremony at the Court of Session in Edinburgh. Swinney appoints Kate Forbes as Scotland's Deputy First Minister. The Conservative Member of Parliament for Dover Natalie Elphicke defects to the Labour Party. The Labour whip is restored to Kate Osamor. Former England cricketer Monty Panesar quits the Workers Party of Britain a week after being unveiled as one of its general election candidates. MSs vote 43–16 to approve the Senedd Reform Bill that will see the number of members increase from 60 to 96 at the next election. 9 May – Former cabinet minister Nadhim Zahawi says he will stand down from Parliament at the next election. Natalie Elphicke apologises for past comments in support of her ex-husband, Charlie, which she made when he was convicted of sexual assault. Swinney confirms to the BBC that the SNP's strategy of using the next general election as a mandate for a second referendum on Scottish independence remains. The government announces that a ban on sex offenders in England and Wales changing their name to avoid detection will be brought in. 10 May – The Scottish Government reaffirms its wish to see the Gender Recognition Reform (Scotland) Bill enacted.
A mixed dose commonly combines regular insulin, which is fast acting, with a longer acting insulin such as NPH. A mixed dose insulin schedule may be prescribed to provide both short-term and long-term coverage. mmol/L Millimoles per litre. The world-standard (excepting the US) designated SI unit for the measurement of blood sugar levels. It is the concentration by molecular weight in a set amount of liquid. Mononeuropathy A form of diabetic neuropathy affecting a single nerve. The eye is a common site for this form of nerve damage. See also: Neuropathy. Morbidity rate the rate at which Mortality rate the rate at which death occurs (usually used as a statistical shorthand in regard to an infection or other condition). Myocardial infarction heart attack. The words mean heart muscle blockage. Myo-inositol A substance in the cell that is thought to play a role in helping the nerves to work. Low levels of myo-inositol may be involved in diabetic neuropathy.
The Department of Mines and Petroleum was a department of the Government of Western Australia until it was superseded by the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation & Safety on 1 July 2017. The department was formed on 1 January 2009, out of the former Department of Industry & Resources and Department of Consumer & Employment Protection, which were split into three new departments, the Department of Mines & Petroleum, the Department of State Development and the Department of Commerce. Its focus is the resources sector, maintaining a mining and petroleum regulatory role and incorporating the resources safety responsibilities from the former Department of Consumer & Employment Protection. It also oversees the Geological Survey of Western Australia. The department operates the Mindex website, a continuously updated database containing information on mines, mineral deposits and prospects in Western Australia.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic compound that acts as an agonist at REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is used mainly as a research chemical to study circadian and metabolic pathways. It is not approved for human therapeutic use.
REV-ERB receptors generally repress transcription when bound by natural heme. SR9009 is described as an agonist that enhances this repressive activity. The result is altered expression of clock and metabolic genes.
Published controlled human trials are lacking. Some sources cite limited or unofficial reports, but these do not establish safety or efficacy. Claims about human performance effects remain unverified.
Its legal status depends on the country and intended use. It is not an approved medicine in major jurisdictions. In sport, it is prohibited by anti-doping rules.