This is a working overview of metabolic modulator, written for readers who want more than a one-paragraph summary but less than a textbook.
This page was last updated on 2026-05-03 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
Pharmacokinetic data for SR9009 are limited in published literature. Some reports indicate low oral bioavailability and rapid clearance in animals, which complicates interpretation of exposure and effect. Researchers often use injected routes in preclinical work to achieve measurable systemic levels. Analytical studies rely on mass spectrometry to detect the parent compound and its metabolites. Questions about tissue distribution, active metabolites, and long-term consequences remain open. Species differences in metabolism can affect observed half-life and target engagement.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In laboratory experiments, SR9009 binds these receptors and alters transcription of genes involved in lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial function. It is not a naturally occurring compound and has no approved therapeutic use. Research interest stems from its ability to modify energy metabolism in cells and animal models.
In rodent studies, SR9009 has been reported to increase mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle and improve exercise endurance under some conditions. These findings led to popular descriptions such as an exercise mimetic, although that term oversimplifies the biology. Effects vary by dose, timing, tissue, and model. The compound's influence on circadian pathways means that time of administration can matter in experiments. Whether similar metabolic changes occur in humans remains largely unexplored in controlled published trials.
Laboratory studies often administer SR9009 by injection because oral absorption appears poor in rodents. Reported pharmacokinetic properties include rapid metabolism and low systemic exposure after oral dosing. Human pharmacokinetic data are sparse, so absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in people are not well defined. Some research explores related REV-ERB compounds with improved drug-like properties. Regulatory approval for any REV-ERB agonist as a human medicine has not been granted to date.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, also called NR1D1 and NR1D2. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene programs. The compound was developed for laboratory research, not as an approved therapeutic. Its identity is distinct from steroid hormones and selective androgen receptor modulators. Scientific interest centers on how REV-ERB activation changes gene expression in cells and animal models.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | Synthetic small-molecule REV-ERB agonist | Not a hormone or natural product |
| Primary targets | REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ | Nuclear receptors involved in circadian and metabolic regulation |
| Appearance | White to off-white solid | Typical for purified research samples |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol; low water solubility | Laboratory solubility depends on solvent and purity |
| Common synonyms | SR9009; Stenabolic | Stenabolic is a colloquial name, not a formal chemical name |
SR9009 is frequently discussed in fitness and research-chemical contexts, yet it has no approved medical indication. Regulatory agencies have not authorized it for human use, and it is not a standard prescription drug. Some sports organizations list it as a prohibited substance because of its potential performance-enhancing properties. Published human data are sparse, so claims about its effects in people often rely on animal models or anecdotal reports. Quality and identity of online materials can vary widely.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as a REV-ERB agonist. REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ are nuclear receptors that help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. The compound was identified in academic screening efforts to find synthetic ligands for these receptors. In cell and animal studies, SR9009 alters transcription of genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism, and it can shift circadian behavior. It is not an approved therapeutic agent.
Mechanistically, SR9009 binds the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERBα/β and enhances recruitment of corepressor complexes. This represses target genes rather than activating them. Because REV-ERB proteins normally compete with ROR proteins at shared response elements, the net effect depends on tissue and timing. Researchers use SR9009 to probe how nuclear receptor signaling links the clock to metabolism, inflammation, and muscle biology. Findings are largely preclinical, and the precise contribution of each receptor subtype remains under study.
SR9009 is often grouped with compounds studied for circadian and metabolic regulation rather than with classical anabolic steroids. Its interactions with nuclear receptors differ from those of androgen receptor ligands, and its proposed mechanisms involve transcriptional control rather than direct hormone signaling. Some sources classify it as a metabolic modulator because of observed effects on energy utilization. The distinction matters for regulation and for interpreting research results across different compound classes.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule developed as a REV-ERB agonist. It binds to REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, nuclear receptors that help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In cell and animal studies, the compound alters lipid and glucose handling and influences skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. Its exact effects in humans remain largely uncharacterized because controlled clinical trials have not been reported. The molecule is frequently described in preclinical literature as a metabolic modulator.
Research interest in SR9009 grew from studies showing improved running endurance in mice after short treatment periods. Those experiments linked the compound to increased mitochondrial content and fatty acid oxidation in muscle, but the findings come from animal models and specific dosing schedules. Independent replication has been limited, and the pathways connecting REV-ERB activation to exercise performance are still being mapped. Whether similar responses occur in humans is an open question.
== History == Protein rich in phosphate was discovered early on. In 1906, Levene and Alsberg studied cleavage products of yolk vitellin, and showed that a phosphorus-rich proteinaceous fraction could be obtained from it. In 1933, Fritz Lipmann detected phosphoserine in casein. In 1948, a particularly phosphate-rich protein was isolated from yolk, and it was named phosvitin. Phosphorylase enzymes were discovered later. The first phosphorylase enzyme was discovered by Carl and Gerty Cori in the late 1930s. Carl and Gerty Cori found two forms of glycogen phosphorylase which they named A and B but did not correctly understand the mechanism of the B form to A form conversion. In 1954, another enzyme was discovered, which transfers phosphate from ATP onto a protein. Its physiological function was still not known. Glycogen phosphorylation was better understood later. The interconversion of phosphorylase b to phosphorylase a was described by Edmond Fischer and Edwin Krebs involving a phosphorylation/dephosphorylation mechanism. It was found that an enzyme named phosphorylase kinase and Mg-ATP were required to phosphorylate glycogen phosphorylase by assisting in the transfer of the γ-phosphoryl group of ATP to a serine residue on phosphorylase b. Protein phosphatase 1 is able to catalyze the dephosphorylation of phosphorylated enzymes by removing the phosphate group. Sutherland and Coris discovered epinephrine acts by activating phosphorylase, which leads to the formation of glucose from glycogen.
Molecular clocks have caused controversy due to the dates they derive for events such as explosive radiations seen after extinction events like the Cambrian explosion and the radiations of mammals and birds. Two-fold differences exist in dates derived from molecular clocks and the fossil record. While some paleontologists argue that molecular clocks are systemically inaccurate, others attribute the discrepancies to lack of robust fossil data and bias in sampling. While not without constancy and discrepancies with the fossil record, the data from molecular clocks have shown how evolution is dominated by the mechanisms of a neutral model and is less influenced by the action of natural selection.
Within a year he was backtracking, announcing that sharia was inappropriate for the Jamahiriya because it guaranteed the protection of private property, contravening The Green Book's socialism. His emphasis on placing his own work on a par with the Qur'an led conservative clerics to accuse him of shirk, furthering their opposition to his regime. In July 1977, a border war broke out with Egypt, in which the Egyptians defeated Libya despite their technological inferiority. The conflict lasted one week before both sides agreed to sign a peace treaty that was brokered by several Arab states. Both Egypt and Sudan had aligned themselves with the US, and this pushed Libya into a strategic, although not political, alignment with the Soviet Union. In recognition of the growing commercial relationship between Libya and the Soviets, Gaddafi was invited to visit Moscow in December 1976; there, he entered talks with Leonid Brezhnev. In August 1977, he visited Yugoslavia, where he met its leader Josip Broz Tito, with whom he had a much warmer relationship. He also enjoyed a warm relationship with Romanian leader Nicolae Ceaușescu. According to Romanian spy chief Ion Mihai Pacepa, Gaddafi once exclaimed to Ceaușescu, "My brother! You are my brother for the rest of my life!" After Pacepa defected to the US in July 1978, Gaddafi and Yasser Arafat contributed $1 million each to Ceaușescu's $4 million bounty on Pacepa.
== External links == Interview with Roderick MacKinnon by Harry Kroto Freeview video provided by the Vega Science Trust. Website of his lab at The Rockefeller University Ion Channel Chemistry: The Electrical System of Life Transcribed video of a May 2008 talk by MacKinnon, sponsored by the Oregon State University Libraries. Nobel Lecture by Roderick MacKinnon, 2003 Introduction to Neuroscience by Donald C.Cooper Roderick MacKinnon on Nobelprize.org
After two years, the inquiry concluded with three principal findings and several recommendations, including required training for administrators, directors of nursing, and service organizations, improved screening processes and background checks for new hires, minimizing the use of agency nurses in long-term care homes, improved reporting processes for critical incidents, and changes to certain Ontario provincial regulations.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== EC 1.14.18 With another compound as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen into the other donor === EC 1.14.18.1: tyrosinase EC 1.14.18.2: CMP-N-acetylneuraminate monooxygenase EC 1.14.18.3: methane monooxygenase (particulate) EC 1.14.18.4: phosphatidylcholine 12-monooxygenase EC 1.14.18.5: sphingolipid C4-monooxygenase EC 1.14.18.6: 4-hydroxysphinganine ceramide fatty acyl 2-hydroxylase EC 1.14.18.7: dihydroceramide fatty acyl 2-hydroxylase EC 1.14.18.8: Now included with EC 1.14.14.139, 5β-cholestane-3α,7α-diol 12α-hydroxylase EC 1.14.18.9: 4α-methylsterol monooxygenase EC 1.14.18.10: plant 4,4-dimethylsterol C-4α-methyl-monooxygenase EC 1.14.18.11: plant 4α-monomethylsterol monooxygenase EC 1.14.18.12: 2-hydroxy fatty acid dioxygenase
== Purification of products == In his 2016 Handbook of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Michael Pirrung wrote that yield is one of the primary factors synthetic chemists must consider in evaluating a synthetic method or a particular transformation in "multistep syntheses." He wrote that a yield based on recovered starting material (BRSM) or (BORSM) does not provide the theoretical yield or the "100% of the amount of product calculated", that is necessary in order to take the next step in the multistep systhesis. Purification steps always lower the yield, through losses incurred during the transfer of material between reaction vessels and purification apparatus or imperfect separation of the product from impurities, which may necessitate the discarding of fractions deemed insufficiently pure. The yield of the product measured after purification (typically to >95% spectroscopic purity, or to sufficient purity to pass combustion analysis) is called the isolated yield of the reaction.
Hexanauplia (refers to six ("hexa-") naupliar molts)—Copepoda, Thecostraca. Allotriocarida ("allotrios" is "strange", "carida" is "shrimp")—Cephalocarida, Branchiopoda, Remipedia, Hexapoda. Note: the Allotriocarida clade was also recovered in 2005 by Regier et al. as Clade #33, but relations within it were different, and they did not choose a name for it.
=== Dimension-5 proton decay operators === Also dimension-5 operators are possible in supersymmetric models, even after the introduction of R-parity, for instance where a heavy color-triplet Higgs exchange (represented by the internal Higgsino lines
Silencing systemin did not affect the ability of black nightshade to resist herbivory and, when competing against normal plants, silenced plants produced more above-ground biomass and berries. Upon herbivory, systemin was down-regulated in black nightshade in contrast to the other peptides which are up-regulated after herbivory. By contrast HypSys were up-regulated and activated the synthesis of protease inhibitors. The down-regulation of systemin was associated with increased root mass but did not decrease shoot mass, demonstrating that systemin can cause developmental changes as a result of herbivory, allowing the plant to tolerate, rather than directly resist attack. Tomato roots were also affected by tomato systemin, with root growth increasing at high tomato systemin concentrations. By allocating more resources to the roots, plants under attack are thought to store carbon and then use it to re-grow when the attack ends. Overexpressing AtPEP1 also increased root and shoot biomass in A. thaliana.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Rubidium–strontium dating === While Hahn was in North America in 1905–1906, his attention had been drawn to a mica-like mineral from Manitoba that contained rubidium. He had studied the radioactive decay of rubidium-87, and had estimated its half-life at 2 × 1011 years. It occurred to him that by comparing the quantity of strontium in the mineral (which had once been rubidium) with that of the remaining rubidium, he could measure the age of the mineral, assuming that his original calculation of the half-life was reasonably accurate. This would be a superior dating method to studying the decay of uranium, because some of the uranium turns into helium, which then escapes, resulting in rocks appearing to be younger than they really were. Jacob Papish helped Hahn obtain several kilograms of the mineral. In 1937, Strassmann and Ernst Walling extracted 253.4 milligrams of strontium carbonate from 1,012 grams of the mineral, all of which was the strontium-87 isotope, indicating that it had all been produced from radioactive decay of rubidium-87. The age of the mineral had been estimated at 1,975 million years from uranium minerals in the same deposit, which implied that the half-life of rubidium-87 was 2.3 × 1011 years: quite close to Hahn's original calculation. Rubidium–strontium dating became a widely used technique for dating rocks in the 1950s, when mass spectrometry became common.
== Biosynthetic mechanism == Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a linear glycosaminoglycan (GAG), an anionic, gel-like, polymer, found in the extracellular matrix of epithelial and connective tissues of vertebrates. It is part of a family of structurally complex, linear, anionic polysaccharides. The carboxylate groups present in the molecule make it negatively charged, therefore allowing for successful binding to water, and making it valuable to cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. HA consists of repeating β4-glucuronic acid (GlcUA)-β3-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) disaccharides, and is synthesized by hyaluronan synthases (HAS), a class of integral membrane proteins that produce the well-defined, uniform chain lengths characteristic to HA. There are three existing types of HASs in vertebrates: HAS1, HAS2, HAS3; each of these contribute to elongation of the HA polymer. For an HA capsule to be created, this enzyme must be present because it polymerizes UDP-sugar precursors into HA. HA precursors are synthesized by first phosphorylating glucose by hexokinase, yielding glucose-6-phosphate, which is the main HA precursor. Then, two routes are taken to synthesize UDP-n-acetylglucosamine and UDP-glucuronic acid which both react to form HA. Glucose-6-phosphate gets converted to either fructose-6-phosphate with hasE (phosphoglucoisomerase), or glucose-1-phosphate using pgm (α-phosphoglucomutase), where those both undergo different sets of reactions. UDP-glucuronic acid and UDP-n-acetylglucosamine get bound together to form HA via hasA (HA synthase).
== Treatment == Many people with beriberi can be treated with thiamine alone. Given thiamine intravenously (and later orally), rapid and dramatic recovery occurs, generally within 24 hours. Improvements of peripheral neuropathy may require several months of thiamine treatment.
Mankiewicz (1942), television and film writer; Academy Award nominee for I Want to Live! Steve Krantz (1943), screenwriter and film producer, Fritz the Cat Ernest Kinoy (1947), television writer of Murrow, Roots, and Victory at Entebbe Merrill Brockway (1948), Emmy Award-winning television producer Saul Turteltaub (1954), Emmy Award-nominated television writer and producer William Kronick (1955), film and television writer, director and producer Stephen Schenkel (1956), TV producer, All My Children Milton Moses Ginsberg (1957), director, Coming Apart Doran William Cannon (1959), screenwriter of Skidoo and Brewster McCloud Richard Pearlman (1959), former director of the Washington National Opera as well as the training program at the Lyric Opera of Chicago Terrence McNally (1960), Tony Award-winning playwright; author of Kiss of the Spider Woman and Ragtime Michael Kahn (1961), artistic director of the Shakespeare Theatre Company in Washington, D.C. Brian De Palma (1962), director of Scarface, The Untouchables and Carrie Crawford Kilian (1962), Canadian novelist and professor at Capilano University Thomas H.
Plate cells of choice in growth medium into a live cell imaging dish or chamber slide. It is important to ensure that a monolayer is formed as clumps will provide inaccurate results due to an uneven cell density. Titrating the cells to determine the optimal plating density is necessary. When the confluency of the cells are ideal, use a pipette tip to scratch a wound through the entire center of the well. As mentioned previously, this is where the potential inconsistency comes into play with this assay. If the scratch is made manually, it is important to make sure that the wound is visible on both side of the field of view and should be around 0.5 mm wide. The cells can then be placed on a microscope with a relative objective of 20x. Begin time-lapse microscopy and adjust the parameters according to the variety of cells studying. Fast-growing cells may require shorter time intervals to acquire more accurate cell speed.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic research compound that activates REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not an approved drug or dietary supplement. Most information comes from cell and animal studies.
It binds REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ and changes transcription of metabolic genes. This can affect circadian rhythm, lipid use, and mitochondrial function. The full downstream effects are still under study.
No. Some rodent studies show increased endurance, but controlled human trials are lacking. Claims about human performance are not established by published evidence.
SR9009 is a synthetic research compound that activates the REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ nuclear receptors. It is not an approved drug and has no established human therapeutic use. Most published biological data come from cell and rodent studies.